Gulliver travels in a travelling box which is also his home. Gulliver’s Travels summary . Summary and Analysis Part II: Chapter 6. A Matter of Life and Death Summary. A summary of Part I, Chapters VI–VIII in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver’s Travels. The farmer’s nine-year-old daughter, whom Gulliver calls Glumdalclitch, or “nursemaid,” has a doll’s cradle that becomes Gulliver’s permanent bed. Grammar- Chaper 10- Verbs. The novel. This is an abridged, school edition. When Gulliver goes swimming, he is cornered by one of the amorous females who embraces his naked body and. After five months at home, Gulliver accepts an offer to captain a voyage on the Adventure. The fantastic tale is divided into four parts, each talking. Between 1689 and 1699 he. All the projects fail, and Swift exposes them as pointless and useless. It was published namelessly in 1726. a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance. During his stay in Luggnagg, Gulliver hears about the Struldbruggs, people in Luggnagg society who are immortal. Although it should be obvious to any astute reader that the fantastical lands featured in Gulliver's Travels are intended as exaggerated reflections of Europe, Gulliver himself ironically fails to notice blatant parallels between the culture of his native England and that of the bizarre lands he visits. Gulliver’s Travels is structurally divided into four parts, each of which recounts the adventures of the title character, a ship’s surgeon named Lemuel Gulliver, amongst. words it is called an . His vindication of a great lady. Gulliver’s Travels is one of the works of Swift which is popularly known all over the world. The only inconvenience is, that none of these projects are yet brought to perfection; and in the mean time the whole country lies miserably waste, the houses in ruins, and the people without food or clothes. . Of all the family, the farmer's daughter is the most fascinated by Gulliver. Gulliver's Travels. Summary. He rejects a plan to destroy Blefuscu completely and. They capture Gulliver as he sleeps and carry him to their. Based on the context provided by this sentence, which sentence correctly uses the word inured?. They speak a strange language, he says, yet it is similar to High Dutch. Rational, peaceful, generous, and civilized horses, the Houyhnhnms are ideal beings (at least from Gulliver ’s perspective). 1)describe the metropolis and gulliver's experience in the city. four hundred pounds for a portion The part of a man's money or property contributed by his bride; here, meaning Gulliver's dowry. Gulliver’s travel is a novel written by an Anglo-Irish writer Jonathan Swift. The more serious the tone, the more laughable this conflict appears. Gulliver arrives in Lilliput accidentally, after the boat that he used to escape from his sinking ship is swamped by waves. He heads out on a fateful voyage to the South Seas when he gets caught in a storm and washed up on an island. Part I, Chapters VI–VIII. A rhetorical device in which two seemingly contradictory words are used together for an effect. ] My father had a small estate in Nottinghamshire: I was the third of five sons. He tries to tell him about gunpowder, describing it as a great invention and offering it to the king as a gesture of friendship. Summary. Gulliver's Travels is the story of Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon who takes to the seas. Gulliver’s first voyage takes him to Lilliput, a land where was gigantic, and the residents tiny. His men conspire against him, confine him a long time to his cabin, and set him on shore in an unknown land. Character List. The empress’s apartment on fire by an accident; the author instrumental in saving the rest of the palace. She enjoys caring for him and even gives him a new name: Grildrig. In Lilliput he discovers a world in. Long ago in England, there lived a businessman named, Lemuel Gulliver. Gulliver a sailor. Gulliver's first reaction to hearing about the Struldbruggs' immortality is one of envy and enthusiasm because it would allow a person to gain immense wealth, wisdom, and the. Swift’s primary satirical tool in Gulliver’s Travels is irony. As one of Britain's leading satirists, Swift uses each new location to critique. First edition of Gulliver's Travels Author Jonathan Swift Original title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator of Gulliver’s Travels, describes his career, education, and family. Each part was an original installment meant. The Malice of a Dutch-man. . A wickedly clever satire uses comic inversions to offer telling insights into the nature of man and society. After his mother returned to England the boy. One can still buy books entitled Gulliver's Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage. Class 5- English- Unit 7 Gulliver's Travels- Hard Words. About Gulliver's Travels and Other Writings. Point of view Gulliver speaks in the first person. This time, he gets marooned by pirates on a small island near Vietnam. Unfortunately, those hired are pirates who organize a mutiny on the ship and leave Gulliver on an island. it is applied; and when Gulliver translates a word, the suggested source of the invented word must either have the literal significance of Gulliver's translation or there must be a humorous discrepancy between the word from which the name is derived and Gulliver's translation. Here are links to our lists for the novel: Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four. Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift's satiric masterpiece, the fantastic tale of the four voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, an English ship's surgeon. wNow while this is the premise for a fantasy. A literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of specific techniques in order to criticize and inspire social change. In Four Parts. They all stand about six inches tall, with proportionally tiny buildings and trees and horses. Yahoos are the human-like creatures that Gulliver first encounters in the Country of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver’s Travels: summary. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships is a prose satire of 1726 by the Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, satirising both human nature and the “travellers’ tales” literary subgenre. Nov 29, 2021. Three days later, he sees a boat of normal size—that is, big enough to carry him—overturned in the water. As you prepare your answer, be sure to consider whether Gulliver has a distinct and recognizable character or whether he is simply Swift's mouthpiece. Chapter IX: Gulliver took leave of the governor of Glubbdubdrib and returned to Maldonada. Golbasto Momaren Evlame Gurdilo Shefin Mully Ully Gue The Emperor of Lilliput. The work’s inventive narrative, exuberant fantasy. Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World. Included in this arrangement is the farmer's daughter, Glumdalclitch, who becomes a member of. Gulliver swears that all he has related is truthful, and he wishes that all travelers were forced to take an oath to tell the exact and literal truth. Written in the tradition of the “traveler’s tale,” the story shows the progressive disillusion of an individual seeking to. Jonathan Swift uses the literary devices of mockery, sarcasm, understatement, mockery, irony, and mock heroic to make fun of Britain and everything the country stood for during that time. This island, Lilliput, has a population of tiny people about 6 inches tall. 99/year as selected above. Summary and Analysis Part IV: Chapter 9. Part IV, Chapter V. Media type. The most prevalent satire is used as Gulliver travels through the lands of Lilliput, Brombdinag, and the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver’s Travels recounts the story of Lemuel Gulliver, a practical-minded Englishman trained as a surgeon who takes to the seas when his business fails. Use this to prep for your next quiz!. Critically analyse the major themes in “The Way of the World” 4. The academy largely described. In his satire, Swift makes a correlation between size and morality. Introduction. Compiled and designed and modified by: Mr. Gulliver Travels Summary. How to tackle ‘Gulliver’s Travels’. 1 PART-I A Voyage to Lilliput1. Summary. 1241 Words; 5 Pages;Chapters 1-4. The desire that Gulliver experiences to live among the animals persists in European literature. Summary and Analysis Part II: Chapter 3. A married English surgeon, Gulliver wants nothing to do with domestic life and leaves England repeatedly to have adventures in far-off lands. Jonathan Swift was an Irish author. He has always wanted to travel, however, and becomes a surgeon traveling aboard different merchant ships. Read More. Blefuscu soon sues for peace. The emperor decides to entertain him with shows, including a performance by Rope-Dancers, who are Lilliputians seeking employment in the government. A Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels / 3 1. Mr. . It is both an early English novel and a seminal satirical text in British Literature, remaining Swift’s best-known work and spawning many adaptations in both print and film. “Traveling to some remote countries of the planet in four parts: an essay by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, then a captain of several ships” is that the full title of a satirical novel, conceived by Johnathon Swift in 1720 and released in 1725-26. Gulliver's Travels is also known as, "Journeys into Several Remote Nations of the World. Gulliver is rescued and sheltered by a giant farmer and his family, and especially cared for by their nine-year-old daughter, whom he calls Glumdalclitch and who teaches him their language. The Queen, being attracted to the novelty of this tiny man, buys Gulliver from the farmer. Summary: Chapter I. ” Thus, they were in many ways worse off than the reason-less Yahoos, for they also. In many ways, Gulliver’s role as a generic human is more important than any personal opinions or abilities he may have. She takes such good care of Gulliver that he calls her his glumdalclitch (nurse). Jonathan Swift's, Gulliver's Travels, follows its protagonist, Lemuel Gulliver, across a vast array of varied locales as he observes the culture and customs of several outlandish societies. Lemuel Gulliver is a married English surgeon who wants to see the world. I often let my legs drop, and could feel no bottom; but when I was almost gone, and able to struggle no longer, I found myself within my depth; and by this time the storm was much abated. Of all the family, the farmer's daughter is the most fascinated by Gulliver. Follow. In this chapter, the Imperial Majesty (the Emperor) and Gulliver carry on a conversation as best they can. This academy is not an entire single building, but a continuation of several houses on both sides of a street, which growing waste, was purchased and applied to that use. About three years ago Mr. “Gulliver’s travels into several remote regions of the world,” by Dean Swift, is one of the most amusing books ever written. By minimizing the importance of Gulliver as a specific person, Swift puts the focus on the social satire itself. Gulliver’s Travels, written by Jonathan Swift in the eighteenth century, is considered a political satire incorporated into a travel narrative. ), Boston and New York. 11. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift is a celebrated satirical work in which Swift adopts the techniques of a standard travelogue to critique his own culture and its assumptions. Gulliver escapes to Blefuscu, where he is able to repair a boat he finds and set sail for England. frog of the foot a triangular, horny pad in the. 4 PART IV A VOYAGE TO THE COUNTRY OF HOUYHNHNMS CBSE class 9 English Gulliver’s Travels Novel – Chapter-wise Summary Formulae Handbook for […] Summary and Analysis Part I: Chapter 4. was Galbet, or Admiral of the realm”(Gulliver’s Travels 32). Gulliver's Travels purports to be a travel book, and describes Gulliver's encounters with the inhabitants of four extraordinary places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and the country of the Houyhnhnms. Summary. Gulliver’s Travels. Brobdingnag is a practical, moral utopia. Chapter 21. 2 RL. When Gulliver awakens, he finds himself tied down to the ground and surrounded by a crowd of six-inch-high people (the Lilliputians) speaking a language he doesn’t understand. On his first morning in the temple, Gulliver wakes up in chains, stands up, and admires the countryside. He completes many voyages without incident, but his final four journeys take him to some of the strangest lands on the planet, where he discovers the virtues and flaws in his own culture by comparing it with others. Gulliver's Travels describes the four voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon. Lemuel Gulliver travels to unusual and exotic lands in this unique blend of adventure and satire. Gulliver's Travels Summary. Gulliver’s Travels, is a novel written by Jonathan Swift in the early eighteenth century. Throughout Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift contains a number of allegories that satirize the English legal system, and the novel contains many veiled references to English acts and laws. But this is far from the truth. It was a story based on satire and was meant to ridicule the way his country operated. In this chapter, "The Author gives some Account of himself and Family, his first Inducements to travel. For the performance, which doubles as a sort of competitive entrance. By Lemuel Gulliver,. Summary: Chapter III. Gulliver, growing weary of the concourse of curious people coming to him at his house in Redriff, made a small purchase of land, with aMy master, pursuant to the advice of his friend, carried me in a box the next market–day to the neighbouring town, and took along with him his little daughter, my nurse, upon a pillion behind him. Jonathan Swift wrote his book Gulliver’s Travels in the first half of the 1720’s. Summary. Summary. Gulliver visits the Yahoos but cannot reconcile himself to their vulgarity. "The author giveth some account of himself and family; his first inducements to travel. He travels to London and becomes an apprentice to James Bates, a surgeon. Sample A+ Essay: The Slamecksans, the Blefuscudians, & Satire. The author raises the issues of the. Discuss some critical assumptions about the epitaph. Swift wrote Gulliver 's Travels, a book that has been assigned to students for years, and it is. He is shipwrecked, and swims for his life. Published in 1726, Jonathan Swift's most famous work had the title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. One can still buy books entitled Gulliver's Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage. 4:48. A consummately skilful blend of fantasy and realism makes Gulliver’s Travels by turns hilarious, frightening, and profound. Milan Mondal, Assistant Professor, Dept. Rather, each of the worlds that Gulliver visits exhibits the features of the world in which Swift lived--often delivered in a caricatured, inflated form that is the stock in trade of a satirist. Summary. Gulliver’s Travels, Part IV is an eighteenth-century book that evoked vivid clarity, of the perceived fairy tale, to be Jonathan Swift’s metaphoric description of society. They have no books, so Gulliver shows them how to write. Instant Classic. Summary and Analysis Part I: Chapter 5. . but the rest of their bodies were bare . Gulliver’s third voyage is more scattered than the others, involving stops at Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan. He stops in the Caribbean to take on new recruits, but these men. Summary. Read an in-depth analysis of Lemuel Gulliver. But this is far from the truth. With Glumdalclitch’s permission, a royal servant takes him for a walk along the shore. He encounters men, called projectors, engaged in many bizarre projects: one is working on extracting sunbeams from cucumbers; one on turning human excrement back into food; one on turning calcine ice into gunpowder; one on building houses from. On this voyage, Gulliver goes to the sea as a surgeon on the merchant ship, Antelope. ] This academy is not an entire single building, but a continuation of several houses on both sides of a street, which growing waste, was purchased and applied to that use. Gulliver’s Travels is regarded as Swift’s masterpiece. It is a satirical novel with some fantasy included. He also spends several days visiting with Roman emperors and with several rulers whom he terms. 16 Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, Paul Turner (ed. d) Analyse Gulliver's Travels as an example of irony and satire. " Our hero, Lemuel Gulliver, starts out his adventures with a description of his origins: he's from. The king gave it for his Opinion; that whoever could make two Ears of Gulliver's Travels satirizes many of humankind's most negative traits. dictionary to match the words to their definitions. Point of view Gulliver speaks in the first person. 4 Book IV 1. NCERT Solutions Class 5 English Gulliver's Travels provides students with a thorough summary of the chapter. Besides the Houyhnhnms teaching Gulliver, he teaches them. Get your custom essay on. In Gulliver’s obsequious relationship, the horse does him a great honor. They are mean and nasty, vicious, morally corrupt, hypocritical and deceitful, jealous and envious, filled with greed and ingratitude — they are, in fact, completely human. The original title of Swift's novel was Travels. The king's great ignorance in politics. Authors may use satire in the form of humor, insults. Gulliver’s Travels, like so many of Jonathan Swift’s works, is primarily a satire of British monarchy and Imperialism. Brobdingnag is a practical, moral utopia. Second, Gulliver's interest in languages and customs is the primary engine for his Travels. The novel exaggerates the absurdity of the people and places the narrator describes, and in so doing mocks society. Lemuel Gulliver. Lemuel Gulliver, is my ancient and intimate friend; there is likewise some relation between us on the mother’s side. Published Sep 22, 2022. The more serious the tone, the more laughable this conflict appears. The intention of the author, Jonathan Swift, is satirical and. S. When Gulliver woke up, he found that his arms and legs had been tied to. Gulliver discusses what he experiences and observes with the utmost sincerity, without. Lemuel Gulliver. Part I, Chapter I. Throughout these books, he will travel to lots of lands and encounter all sorts of strange people and. Wilhelminamiddlebrook46. Describe Gulliver's experience in Lilliput. He is resourceful,. The conflict, he says, started over a religious question: At. Full Book Summary. Explain how Swift makes use of the character of Gulliver. Gulliver's Travels. The last of these voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the sea, and intended to stay at home with my wife and family. You can read ‘Politics vs Literature’ in full. Gulliver’s Travels has been written by Jonathan Swift, and it is the story of the various adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, who is basically the narrator and protagonist in the book. Gulliver’s Houyhnhnm master bids him farewell with a touching gesture, the closest the usually undemonstrative horse comes to real emotion. The book follows the voyages of Lemuel Gulliver as he ventures to unchartered regions of the world where he finds new civilizations and encounters fantastical beings. The Blefuscudian emperor refuses to. Read the passage from Of the Wisdom of the Ancients. It is not enough to say that Gulliver travels in different worlds and learns from his mistakes to conclude that “nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison” (Swift 78). Gulliver’s Travels. There is a storm before every journey. His “Modest Proposal” which is frequently cited is the finest example of literary irony in English. Analysis Of Gulliver's Travels 1849 Words | 4 Pages. Summary and Analysis Part IV: Chapter 1. Summary Of Gulliver's Travels 1452 Words | 3 Pages. Swift was viewed as an insane person who was a failure in life. He identifies himself as Dutch upon arrival so he can be allowed to travel on to Japan. In this chapter, "The Author gives some Account of himself and Family, his first Inducements to travel. Analysis: Part III, Chapters I–III. . Except for Munodi's estate, which. The Lilliputians are ruled by an Emperor who appoints his high court officials according to their skills with rope dancing rather than their actual abilities. Jonathan Swift’s ironic satire belittles mankind, by personifying Yahoos as manlike beastly, ignorant monkeys. ]The first request I made,. Born in Dublin of English parents on November 30, 1667, Swift never knew his father, who had died several months before his birth. Here he is introduced to mathematics, geography, and surgical techniques. The more serious the tone, the more laughable this conflict appears. At the time that Swift published Gulliver’s Travels, he was dean of. Her mother and she contrived to fit up. In Four Parts. The author meets two Houyhnhnms. Gulliver’s Travels is a 1726 novel written by Jonathan Swift. Each journey is preceded by a storm. Note. It starts off telling of young Gulliver's childhood. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift, published in 1726, was analyzed from the viewpoint of scaling in comparative physiology. Gulliver goes on four separate voyages in Gulliver's Travels. Part III, Chapters IV–XI. Gulliver gives a tug at the strings and feels more free. In gratitude, the Lilliputian emperor rewards Gulliver with the title Nardac. In Book 1, Chapter 5, for example, Gulliver helps the. Despite the fact that the history of the conflict between Lilliput and Blefuscu is blatantly ridiculous, Gulliver reports it with complete seriousness. Gulliver is invited to meet the king at court, but he must observe the court's customs. In Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver describes his four voyages. Summary and Analysis Part IV: Chapter 3. By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University) ‘Politics vs Literature: An Examination of Gulliver’s Travels ’ is a 1946 essay by George Orwell (1903-50). He then happens to meet the inhabitants of the island. eNotes Editorial. The academy largely described. Swift uses the Emperor as an example of rulers who must always have some type of support before making a. Gulliver's Travels (1726) is a satirical novel by Anglo-Irish author Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). Unreliable Narrator. In this section of Ch 7 Marigold Class 5, he. Lemuel Gulliver, he tells us, was a surgeon on board the “Antelope,” and his ship was wrecked during a voyage to the South Seas somewhere to the N. The emperor of Lilliput, attended by several of the nobility, comes to see the narrator in his confinement. Chapter 5 – A Wild Escape One day, Gulliver and Glumdalclitch travel to the south coast with the King and Queen. He awakes to find himself tied down by tiny men; these are the Lilliputians. With 38 illustrations and a map. gallants men attentive and polite to women. Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World. odious. After the Emperor's visit, six Lilliputians shoot arrows at Gulliver. The book is divided into four sections, each section describing a different journey. Cite. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Gulliver’s Travels and what it means. 3 a king, queen, ruler, servant b. Big in Japan. 5 Conclusion 1. It was written as a parody of travel books and was a great success. Gulliver's Travels, Part IV By Jonathan Swift. Browse gulliver's travel resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. The emperor of Lilliput, attended by several of the nobility, comes to see the narrator in his confinement. Gulliver entertains himself and demonstrates his ingenuity by using the King's beard stubble to make a comb and by using strands of the Queen's hair to make several chairs and a purse. The more serious the tone, the more laughable this conflict appears. Gulliver's Travels Summary. orderly and rational . As an Irish patriot and a former admirer of the English government and life, Swift now sees. View our essays for Gulliver’s Travels…. It is unusual when a masterpiece develops out of an assignment, but that is, more or less, what happened in the case of Gulliver's Travels. Describe Gulliver's visit to the island of Glubdubdrip and his talking with the ghosts of the dead souls . Chapter 1. Gets safe on shore in the country of Lilliput; is made a prisoner, and carried up the country. Later, the farmer and his daughter display Gulliver as a curiosity. . 2 The character of Gulliver 1. 3. He is shipwrecked, and swims for his life. Book-III: Chapter 3 Summary Gulliver's explains in detail how the Flying Island moves from one place to another for its magical capacity to move. Inside you'll find 30 Daily Lessons, 20 Fun Activities, 180 Multiple Choice Questions, 60 Short Essay Questions, 20 Essay Questions, Quizzes/Homework Assignments, Tests, and more. Satire is a literary device used to expose the shortcomings of individuals, governments, and societies. The novel’s first-person narrator, Lemuel. The author of the pseudonymous Travels was the Church-of-Ireland Dean of St. View the lesson plan for Gulliver’s Travels…. Summary. The egg cracking controversy between the. Summary and Analysis Part IV: Chapter 1. Jonathan Swift’s ironic satire belittles mankind, by personifying Yahoos as manlike beastly, ignorant monkeys. Gulliver's Travels world, towards political commitment, towards the assumption that there is any value in any political position. Physically huge — 60 feet tall — their moral stature is also gigantic. The Yahoos are. . Schuet, Block 3 16 January, 2014 1. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Gulliver’s Travels and what it. ), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. Patrick’s in Dublin, Jonathan Swift. In one of these books, Gulliver’s Travels, Swift criticizes the corruption of the English government, society, science, religion, and man in general. Unfortunately, those hired are pirates who organize a mutiny on the ship and leave Gulliver on an island. For example, portrayals of ruthless and self-centered monarchs in Gulliver's Travels use parody to address the chaos of English government during. " Indeed, it is a horse that rescues him from the Yahoos — not by any overt, physical action, but by simply appearing on the road — no physical action being necessary. The Emperor then demands that Gulliver return and capture all of Blefuscu’s remaining warships, then destroy the Big-Enders and make Blefuscu a province of Lilliput. In gratitude, the Lilliputian emperor rewards Gulliver with the title Nardac. The major. 10. Is it essentially comic. Gulliver is pleased with his new title, but he is not the Emperor's dupe. Charlemagne Explained. Adept at languages, Gulliver learns rather quickly to talk with the Houyhnhnms. Summary of Gulliver’s Travels Part 2 Chapter 2. The empire of Blefuscu is an island situated to the north-east of Lilliput, from which it is parted only by a channel of eight hundred yards wide. It follows a protagonist, Lemuel Gulliver, who is the narrator; he explains a bit about his life as a. Being from a very humble background he worked as a bound apprentice to Mr. d. When I came to the side of the outer court, I stood upon one stool, and took the other in my hand; this I lifted over the roof, and gently set it down on the space between the first and second court, which was eight feet. Written in a matter-of-fact style and with an air of sober reality, the work defeats oversimple explanations. Summary and Analysis Part II: Chapter 2. . One of the keystones of English literature, computer is a parody of the travel narrative, an adventure story, and a wildness satire, mocking English customs and the politics of an daylight. Gulliver spends two years in Brobdingnag, but he is not happy despite the royal family's pampering. Part I. The people having received notice a second time, I went again through the city to the palace with my two stools in my hands. Despite the fact that the history of the conflict between Lilliput and Blefuscu is blatantly ridiculous, Gulliver reports it with complete seriousness. Gulliver’s Travels is the story of a person’s voyages to different parts of the world. Read the text here. "Part Three: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib, and Japan: Chapter 5. by Jena Jordan, Aalmin Kadiwal and Elisa Escalera .